Untuk memilih material kita patut berpegang kepada “most important characteristics” dari suatu material, dan hal ini juga bergantung dengan keadaan geografis atau lingkungan suatu tempat. Pedoman ini dapat dijadikan penentuan skala prioritas untuk memilih suatu material, dan hal itu adalah:

I.         Tujuan

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I.              Tujuan Percobaan

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-          Mahaaiswa dapat mengetahui kadar karbohidrat dalam bahan pangan

2.      Dasar teori

Karbohidrat adalah golongan senyawa-senyawa yang terdiri dari unsur-unsur karbon (C), hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O). Senyawa-senyawa ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai senyawa-senyawa polihidroksialdehid atau polihidroksiketon.

PENGENALAN ALAT INDUSTRI KIMIA

INDUSTRI KIMIA
Industri dapat diartikan sebagai suatu kegiatan yang menghasilkan produk dari proses pengolahan bahan dengan menggunakan suatu teknologi, sehingga dapat menghasilkan suatu produk yang bernilai ekonomis dan dapat di manfaatkan lebih lanjut
Proses pengolahan bahan untuk memperoleh produk dapat berlangsung secara fisik dan kimia
Untuk menunjang kegiatan industri dibutuhkan suatu bagian produksi yang bertugas menjalankan proses suatu pabrik

• Unit produksi
• Unit Proses

Proses fisis

1.  Pemanasan
2.  kompresi (tekanan dinaikan)
3.  Pendinginan
4.  Ekspansi
5. Penguapan
6. Pemurnian
7. Pencampuran
8. Proses Kimia

Pada proses kimia terjadinya suatu perubahan struktur dan di suatu alat yang dinamakan dengan reaktor


Unit utilitas


Utilitas merupakan sarana penunjang proses industri dalam pabrik yaitu untuk membantu kelancaran dan kelangsungan operasi pabrik, sehingga diperlukan unit-unit yang meyediakan dan melayani kebutuhan pabrik.
 
Secara umum unit utilitas terdiri dari :
Unit Pengadaan Steam, yaitu sebagai pemanas yang digunakan pada heater dan reboiler.
Unit Pengadaan Air, yaitu air yang digunakan sebagai air proses, pendingin, umpan boiler, dan untuk keperluan domestik.
Unit Pengadaan Listrik, yaitu tenaga listrik yang digunakan sebagai tenaga penggerak dari berbagai peralatan proses dan juga untuk penerangan.


Alat-alat Industri Kimia

ALAT PENYIMPAN
Dalam industri kimia alat penyimpan merupakan salah satu bagian terpenting, karena akan mempengaruhi keadaan dari zat yang akan digunakan untuk reaksi atau produk yang dihasilkan dalam suatu proses
Fungsi alat penyimpan adalah suatu tempat yang digunakan untuk menampung zat baik berupa gas, cair atau padat.
Bahan yang digunakan alat penyimpan harus disesuaikan dengan keadaan zat, misalnya alat untuk menyimpan gas maka harus diperhatikan berapa tekanan dari gas tersebut sehingga tidak menimbulkan kebocoran ataupun kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh tekanan dalam alat penyimpan.
Begitu pula dengan cairan, apakah cairan tersebut mudah menguap atau bersifat korosif yang akan menimbulkan karat pada alat penyimpan
 
Alat Penyimpanan Zat Padat

• Storage Piles

merupakan cara penyimpanan yang murah dan sederhana, dimana bahan yang kan disimpan dibuat dalam tumpukan-tumpukan (piles) ditempat terbuka
Tumpukan-tumpukan tersebut dibuat langsung dari bahan–bahan yang keluar dari belt conveyor. Bahan-bahan yang dapat disimpan dengan cara seperti ini adalah bahan-bahan padat yang tak berpengaruh terhadap keadaan cuaca. Contoh dari bahan tersebut adalah batubara, kerikil, parir
Material di tumpuk dengan menggunakan
Reversible Shuttle Conveyer
Material di tumpuk dengan menggunakan multiple Conveyor

• Bin, Silo dan Hopper

Untuk zat padat yang berbahaya, terlalu mahal atau berharga dan mudah larut dalam air atau rusak bila ditumpukkan di udara terbuka, maka dilakukan penyimpanan di dalam tempat tertutup seperti Bin, Silo atau Hopper
Alat ini berupa bejana berbentuk silinder atau segi empat terbuat dari beton atau baja
Silo biasanya tinggi, berdiameter relatif kecil.
Bin tidak terlalu tinggi dan biasanya agak besar
Hopper adalah bin kecil dengan dasar agak miring dan digunakan untuk menumpuk sementara sebelum zat diumpan ke dalam proses
Silo
Bin
Hopper


Alat Penyimpan Zat Cair


Tangki adalah alat untuk menyimpan fluida, umumnya zat cair.
Tangki yang sangat besar (kapasitasnya) disebut dengan Reservoir, karena besarnya kapasitas maka biasanya tidak tertutup.
Atas dasar inilah reservoir digunakan untuk menyimpan cadangan air
Tangki penyimpan dapat dibedakan sesuai dengan fase zat, tekanan fluida, volatil atau non volatil, dan suhu


Alat Penyimpan Gas


Tangki bola digunakan untuk menyimpan gas.
Sifat gas adalah menyebar ke segala arah sehingga tekanan didalam tempat itu adalah sama, maka bila dalam tempat itu terdapat celah atau lekukan yang membuat tekanan dalam tempat itu tidak sama akan menyebabkan terjadinya kebocoran gas
REAKTOR KIMIA
Reaktor adalah bagian terpenting dalam proses kimia dimana hanya ditempat ini aliran material dikonversikan menjadi produk.
Rancangan reaktor kimia merupakan tahap terpenting dari seluruh rancangan dalam proses
Setiap zat (material) mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda
Untuk mereaksikan suatu zat (material) yang perlu diperhatikan adalah fase dari zat itu (padat, cair atau gas), kondisi operasi dari zat itu pada suhu dan tekanan berapa zat itu akan bereaksi, apakan dalam reaksi itu bersifat eksoterm atau endoterm, kecepatan reaksinya, dll.
Kondisi-kondisi inilah yang diperlukan untuk memilih tipe reaktor yang tepat sehingga proses dan produk yang dihasilkan bernilai ekonomis.

Jenis-Jenis Reaktor

• REAKTOR TANGKI
• REAKTOR PIPA
• BERDASARKAN PROSES
• Reaktor Katalitis
• FIXED-BED REACTOR
• FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR
• ALAT PEMISAH

Proses pemisahan adalah proses untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sesuai dengan spesifikasi pasar sesudah disintesa di reaktor.
Prinsip dasar dari pemisahan adalah mengarahkan proses pemisahan sehingga terjadi beda fase, dan sesudah itu dipisahkan secara fisik
Metode pemisahan berdasarkan :

• Proses Pemisahan beda fase
• Proses pemisahan beda kelarutan
• Beda Ukuran partikel
• Beda Densitas
• Beda titik didih

Alat Pemisah

• FILTER
• EVAPORATOR
• SCREENER
• DECANTER
• DISTILASI
• FLASH DRUM
• MEMBRAN
•  

ALAT TRANSPORTASI FLUIDA
Fluida adalah suatu zat yang tak dapat menahan distorsi terus menerus sehingga bentuknya selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan wadahnya
Fluida yang sebenarnya adalah cairan dan gas, tetapi sekarang padatan pun dapat digolongkan sebagai fluida bila padatan itu berupa butiran-butiran kecil (serbuk)
Pada umumnya transportasi fluida lebih mudah bila dibandingkan dengan zat padat
Untuk memilih alat-alat yang akan dipergunakan untuk pengaliran fluida perlu diperhatikan sifat fisis dan kimia dari fluida tersebut, serta kondisi pengerjaannya

Sifat-sifat fisis dan kondisi yang dimaksud adalah :
Apakah fluida itu bersifat korosif atau tidak
Bagaimana kekentalan dari fluida tersebut
Apakah fluida itu mengandung bagian-bagian bagian kecil zat padat atau tidak
Berapa tekanan kerjanya


TRANSPORTASI PADATAN

SCREW CONVEYOR
Screw conveyer terdiri dari tiang baja yang berbentuk spiral (helix) dan berputar dalam baknya tanpa terjadi sentuhan dengan dinding bak. Batang screw digerakan oleh sebuah motor yang dilengkapi dengan roda gigi
 
FLIGHT CONVEYOR
Flight conveyor terdiri dari satu atau dua buah endless chain. Rantai tersebut dapat berputar dan melewati bagian yang melengkung (palung)
Rantai-rantai tersebut juga mempunyai piringan dari kayu atay baja yang disebut Flight

BELT CONVEYOR
alat ini terdiri dari endless belt / sabuk yang membawa solid dari satu tempat ketempat yang lain
Belt conveyor membutuhkan tenaga yang kecil dan dapat mengangkut material yang cukup jauh
 
BUCKET CONVEYOR
alat ini terdiri dari beberapa bucket / ember yang membawa solid dari satu tempat ketempat yang lain
Bucket Conveyor digunakan untuk membawa material padat yang sangat panas

PNEUMATIC CONVEYER
Pneumatic Action : Aksi pneumatic digunakan untuk membawa material padat dalam bentuk butiran sangat halus (powder). Material dibawa sebagaimana layaknya menghandle seperti liquid atau gas, yaitu dengan jalan mensuspensi partikelpartikel padat dalam gas atau cairan;

Unit satuan yang tersedia di bawah ini cukup lengkap, semoga bermanfaat…
Acceleration
foot/second², meter/second², gal, galileo, inch/second²

• 1 m/s² = 3.28084 ft/s² = 100 cm/s² = 39.37 inch per second squared (inch/s²)
• 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² = 30.48 cm/s²
• 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² = 32.17405 ft/s²

Angle

• 1 circle = 360 degrees = 400 grades = 21600 minutes = 6.28318 radians = 12 signs
• 1 circumference = 360 degrees = 6.28318 radians
• 1 radian = 0.15915 circumference = 57.29578 degree = 3437.747 minute = 0.63662 quadrant = 0.15915 revolution = 206265 second

Area
acre, are, barn, sq.ft., sq.in., foot², hectare, inch², mile², section, meter², township, yard², hectares

• 1 m² = 1550 in² = 10.764 ft² = 1.1968 yd² = 3.861×10^-7 mile²
• 1 ft² = 0.0929 m² = 144 in² = 0,1111 yd² = 3.587×10^-8 mile²
• 1 in² = 6.452 cm² = 6.452×10^-4 m² = 6.944×10^-3 ft² = 7.716×10^-4 yd² = 2.491×10^-10 mile²
• 1 yd² = 0.8361 m² = 1,296 in² = 9 ft² = 0.3228×10^-6 mile²
• 1 mile² = 2.590×10⁶ m² = 0.4015×10¹⁰ in² = 2.788×10⁷ ft² = 3.098×10⁶ yd²=640 Acres
• 1 acre = 1/640 square mile = 0.404686 ha (Hectares) = 4,046.86 m² = 43,560.174 Sq.Ft. (Int) = 43,560 Sq.Ft. (US Survey) = 4840 Sq.Yds. = 40.46873 are
• 1 km² = 10² ha² = 10⁶ m² = 10¹⁰ cm² = 10¹² mm²
• 1 ha (Hectare) = 10⁴ m² = 10⁸ cm² = 10¹⁰ mm² = 2.471 Acres
• 1 cm² = 10^-4 m² = 0.155 in²
• 1 mm² = 1.55×10^-3in²
• 1 township = 36 square mile = 23040 acre = 36 section = 9.323957 10⁷ m² = 9324 hectare = 93.24 square kilometer
• 1 section = 1 square mile = 2.59 10⁶ m² = 2.59 square kilometer = 259 hectare = 3.0976 10⁶ square yards = 640 acre =
• 1 are = 0.024711 acre (Int) = 1 sq dekameter = 1076.39 sq foot = 100 sq meter = 3.86102×10^-5 sq mile = 119.599 sq yard
• 1 barn = 1×10^-24 sq cm
• 1 centiare = 0.01 are = 10.764 sq foot = 1550 sq inch = 1 sq meter = 1.19599 sq yard
• 1 circular mil = 1×10^-6 circular inch = 5.06707×10^-6 sq cm = 7.85398×10^-7 sq inch = 0.000507 sq mm = 0.7854 sq mill
• 1 hectare = 2.471 acre 0 100 are = 1×10⁸ sq cm = 107639.1 sq foot = 10000 sq meter = 0.00386 sq mile = 395.367 sq rod

Capacitance

• 1 abfarad = 1×10⁹ farad = 1×10¹⁵ microfarad = 8.98755×10²⁰ statfarad
• 1 farad = 1×10^-9 abfarad = 1.00049 farads (Ínt) = 1×10⁶ microfarad = 8.98755×10¹¹ statfarad

Conductance

• 1 abmho = 1000 megamho = 1×10⁹ mho = 8.98755×10²⁰ statmho

Current

• 1 abampere = 10 ampere = 1.03638×10^-4 faraday/sec(chem) = 2.99792×10¹⁰ statampere = 1 biot
• 1 ampere = 0.1 abampere = 1.00015 ampere (Int) = 1 coulomb/sec = 1.03638×10^-5 faraday/sec (chem) 1×10⁶ microampere = 1000 milliampere = 2.99792×10⁹ statampere
• 1 ampere (Int) = 0.99985 ampere
• 1 biot = 10 ampere

Density
kg/cubic meter, gram/centimeter³, l_mb/cubic inch, lb_m/cubic foot, slug/cubic foot, kilogram/cubic meter, lbm/gallon (US liq)

• Density Water 1,000 kg/m³ = 62.43 Lbs./Cu.Ft = 8.33 Lbs./Gal. = 0.1337 Cu.Ft./Gal.
• 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018 kg/m³ = 0.016 g/cm³ = 0.00926 oz/in³ = 2.57 oz/gal (Imperial) = 2.139 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0005787 lb/in³ = 27 lb/yd³ = 0.161 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.134 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0121 ton/yd³
• 1 slug/ft³ = 515.379 kg/m³
• 1 kg/l = 62.43 lb/ft³
• 1 kg/m³ = 0.001 g/cm³ = 0.0005780 oz/in³ = 0.16036 oz/gal (Imperial) = 0.1335 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0624 lb/ft³ = 0.000036127 lb/in³ = 1.6856 lb/yd³ = 0.010022 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.008345 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0007525 ton/yd³

Electric Charge

• 1 abcoulomb = 0.00278 ampere-hour = 10 coulomb = 6.24151×10¹⁹ electronic charge = 1.03632×10^-4 faraday (chem) = 2.99792×10¹⁰ statcoulomb
• 1 ampere hour = 360 abcoulomb = 3600 coulomb = 0.03731 faraday (chem)
• 1 coulomb = 0.1 abcoulomb = 0.000278 ampere hour = 1 ampere second = 1.00015002 coulomb (Int) = 1.0363×10^-5 faraday (chem) = 1.0360×10^-5 faraday (phys) = 2.9979×10⁹ statcoulomb

Electromotive Force, Voltage Difference

• abvolt = 0.01 microvolt = 1×10^-5 millivolt = 1×10^-8 volt

Energy
British Thermal Unit (Btu), calorie, joule, kilojoule, electron volt, erg, foot lb_f, foot poundal, kilocalorie, kilowatt hour, watt hour,

• 1 J (Joule) = 0,1020 kpm = 2.778×10^-7 kWh = 2.389×10^-4 kcal = 0.7376 ft lb_f = 1 (kg m²)/s² = 1 watt second = 1 Nm = 1 ft lb = 9.478×10^-4 Btu
• 1 kpm = 9.80665 J = 2.724×10^-6 kWh = 2.342×10^-3 kcal = 7.233 ft lb_f = 9.295×10^-3 Btu
• 1 kWh = 3.6×10⁶ J = 3.671×10⁵ kpm = 859.9 kcal = 2.656×10⁶ ft lb_f = 3.412×10³ Btu
• 1 kJ = 1 kNm = 1kWs = 10³ J = 0.947813 Btu = 737.6 ft lb_f = 0.23884 kcal
• 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1,055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.92875×10^-4 kWh = 251.996 calorie = 0.252 kcal = 777.649 ft lb_f = 1.0544×10¹⁰ erg = 0.293 watt hour = 0.999331 Btu (Int Steam Tab) = 0.998560 Btu (mean) = 25020.1 foot-poundal = 107.514 kg force meter = 1.0751×10⁷ gram-force cm = 0.000393 hp-hour = 10.456 liter atm = 1054.35 wattsecond
• 1 cal = 4.186 J
• 1 kcal = 4186,8 J = 426,9 kp m = 1.163×10^-3 kWh = 3.088 ft lb_f = 3.9683 Btu = 1,000 cal
• 1 ft lb_f (foot pound force) = 1.3558 J = 0.1383 kp m = 3.766×10^-7 kWh = 3.238×10^-4 kcal = 1.285×10^-3 Btu
• 1 hp h (horse power hour) = 2.6846×10⁶ J = 0.7457 kWh
• 1 erg = 1 (g cm²)/s² = 10^-7 J
• 1 eV = 1.602×10^-19 J
• 1 Q = 10¹⁸ Btu = 1.055×10²¹ J
• 1 Quad = 10¹⁵ Btu
• 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
• 1 kg m = 7.233 ft lb = 0.00929 Btu = 9.806 Joule

Energy per unit mass

• 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb_m = 0.23884 kcal/kg

Flow – see Volume flow
Force
dyne, kilogram force (kgf), kilopound force, kip, lbf (pound force), ounce force (avoirdupois), poundal, newton

• 1 N (Newton) = 0.1020 kp = 7.233 pdl = 7.233/32.174 lb_f = 0.2248 lb_f = 1 (kg m)/s² = 10⁵ dyne = 1/9.80665 kg_f
• 1 lb_f (Pound force) = 4.44822 N = 0.4536 kp = 32.17 pdl = 4.448×10⁵ dyn
• 1 dyn = 1 (g cm)/s²
• 1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
• 1 kp (Kilopond) = 9.80665 N = 2.205 lb_f = 70.93 pdl
• 1 pdl (Poundal) = 0.13826 N = 0.01409 kp = 0.03108 lb_f

Frequency

• 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec

Heat flow rate

• 1 Btu/sec = 1,055.1 W
• 1 kW (kJ/s) = 102.0 kpm/s = 859.9 kcal/h = 3,413 Btu/h = 1.360 hk = 1.341 hp = 738 ft lb/s = 1,000 J/s = 3.6×10⁶ J/h
• 1 kpm/s = 9.8067×10^-3 kW = 8.432 kcal/h = 32.47 Btu/h = 0.01333 hk = 0.01316 hp = 7.237 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.163×10^-3 kW = 0.1186 kpm/s = 3.969 Btu/h = 1.582×10^-3 hk = 1.560×10^-3 hp = 0.8583 ft lb/s
• 1 Btu/h = 2.931×10^-4 kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986×10^-4 hk = 3.939×10^-4 hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.16×10^-3 kW
• 1 hk (metric horse power) = 0.735499 kW = 75.00 kpm/s = 632.5 kcal/h = 2,510 Btu/h = 0.9863 hp = 542.8 ft lb/s
• 1 hp = 0.74570 kW = 76.04 kpm/s = 641.2 kcal/h = 2,545 Btu/h = 1.014 hk = 550.3 ft lb/s
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.35501 kW = 0.1382 kpm/s = 1.165 kcal/h = 4.625 Btu/h = 1.843×10^-3 hk = 1.817×10^-3 hp

Heat flux

• 1 Btu/ft² = 2.713 kcal/m² = 2.043×10⁴ J/m²K
• 1 Btu/ ft² h = 3.1525 W/m²
• 1 Btu/ft^{2 o}F = 4.88 kcal/m²K = 2.043×10⁴ J/m²K
• 1 kcal/m² = 0.369 Btu/ft²
• 1 kcal/m²K = 0.205 Btu/ft^2oF

Heat generation per unit volume

• 1 Btu/ft³ = 8.9 kcal/m³ = 3.73×10⁴ J/m³
• 1 Btu/ft³ h = 10.343 W/m³
• 1 kcal/m³ = 0.112 Btu/ft³

Heat generation per unit mass

• 1 Btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg = 2,326 J/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.800 Btu/lb

Heat transfer coefficient

• 1 Btu/ft² h ^oF = 5.678 W/m² K = 4.882 kcal/h m^{2 o}C
• 1 W/m²K = 0.85984 kcal/h m^{2 o}C = 0.1761 Btu/ ft² h ^oF
• 1 kcal/h m^{2 o}C = 1.163 W/m²K = 0.205 Btu/ ft² h ^oF

Hydraulic Gradients

• 1 ftH₂O/100 ft = 0.44 psi/100 ft = 9.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH₂O/100 m
• 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH₂O/100 ft = 2288 mmH₂O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m

Inductance

• abhenry = 1×10^-9 henry
• nery = 1×10⁹ abhenry = 0.9995 henry (Int) = 1000 millihenry = 1.113×10^-12 stathenry

Information Storage

• 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
• 1 byte = 8 bit

Length
feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,

• 1 m (meter) = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214×10^-4 mile
• 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578×10^-5 mile
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894×10^-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
• 1 mm = 10^-3 m
• 1 cm = 10^-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1×10⁸ Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1×10^-5 kilometer = 0.0497 link (Gunter) = 0.0328 (Ramden) = 1000 micrometer = 1000 micron = 5.3996×10^-6 mile (naut) = 6.2137×10^-6 mile (US statute) = 10 millimeter = 1×10⁷ millimicron = 393.7 mil = 2.371 picas (printers) 28.4528 point (printers) = 0.00199 rod (US Survey) = 0.01094 yard
• 1 mm = 0.03937 in
• 1 Aangstrom = 10^-10 m = 1×10^-8 cm = 3.937×10^-9 inch = 1×10^-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
• 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1,609.3 m = 63,346 in = 5,280 ft = 1,760 yd
• 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
• 1 nm (nautical mile, sea mile) = 1,852 metres = 1.151 mile = 6076.1 feet = 0.016667 degree of latitude
• 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682×10^-4 mile
• 1 Furlong = 660 feet = 40 rods = 1/8 mile
• 1 rod = 5.5 yards
• 1 land league = 3 miles
• 1 Fathom = 6 feet = 1.828804 meters
• 1 astronomical unit = 1.496×10⁸ kilometer
• 1 cable (UK) = 0.00167 degree latitude = 185.37 meter
• 1 cable length (US Survey) = 120 fathom (US Survey) = 720 foot (US Survey) = 219.456 meter
• 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
• 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (US Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (US Survey) = 792 inch (US Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (US Survey) = 22 yard (US Survey)
• 1 light year = 63241.08 astronomical unit = 9.46073×10¹² kilometer = 5.8786×10¹² mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec

Luminous Emittance (Illuminance)

• 1 lumen/sq ft = 1 foot candle = 1×10⁴ lux = 1 phot
• 1 lux = 0.0929 foot candle = 1 lumen /sq meter = 0.0001 phot

Luminous Flux

• 1 candle power = 12.566 lumen
• 1 lumen = 1 candela steradian = 0.07958 candle power (spherical) = 0.0015 watt

Luminous Intensity

• 1 candela = 1.091 hefner candle (Germ) = 1 lumen/steradian

Magnetic Flux Density

• 1 gamma flux = 1×10^-5 gauss = 1 x10^-6 gram = 1 microgram = 1×10^-9 tesla
• 1 gauss = 0.9997 gauss (Int) = 1×10⁵ gamma = 1 gilbert/cm = 1 maxwell/sq cm = 1 line/sq cm = 6.4516 line/sq inch = 1×10^-4 tesla = 1×10^-8 weber/sq cm = 6.452×10^-8 weber/sq inch = 1×10^-4 weber/sq meter

Magnitude of a Physical Quantity (Power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level)

• 1 bel = 10 decibel
• 1 decibel = 0.1 bel

Mass, Weight
pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce mass, pound mass (lb_m), slug, tonne

• 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521×10^-2 slug
• 1 lb = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
• 1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.174 lb_m
• 1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g
• 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
• 1 qt = 0.9464 liters
• 1 metric ton (or tonne) = 1 tonne métrique = 1000 kg = 10⁶ g = 10⁹ mg = 0.907 short tons
• 1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.18474 kg
• 1 long ton = 2240 pounds = 1,016.0469088 kg
• 1 oz (ounce) = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains = 0.0625 lb = 0.0000279 long ton (UK) = 0.00003125 long ton (US) = 0.000558 long hundredweight (UK) = 0.000625 long hundredweight (US) = 0.004464 stone = 16 dram
• 1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces
• 1 scruple = 20 grains
• 1 dram = 3 scruples
• 1 apothecary ounce = 8 drams
• 1 apothecary pound = 12 apothecary ounces
• 1 pennyweight = 24 grains
• 1 Gal. H₂O = 8.33 Lbs. H₂O
• 1 cental (US) = 45.359 kilogram = 100 pound
• 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
• 1 hectogram = 100 gram = 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) = 0.2205 pound (avdp)
• Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity – An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Mass flow rate

• 1 lb/h = 1.26×10^-4 kg/s
• 1 lb/s = 0.4536 kg/s
• 1 lb/min = 7.56×10^-3 kg/s = 27.216 kg/s
• 1 kg/s = 3,600 kg/h = 132.28 lb/min
• 1 kg/h = 2.778×10^-4 kg/s = 3.67×10^-2 lb/min

Moment of Inertia

• 1 kg m² = 10000 kg cm² = 54675 ounce in² = 3417.2 lb in² = 23.73 lb ft²

Power
horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second

• 1 W = 1 kg m²/s³ = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s
• 1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 10³/9.80665 kg_f m/s = 737.6 ft lb_f/s = 10³/(9.80665 75) metric hp
• 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
• 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416×10⁵ calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412×10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069×10⁵ calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie (IST)/min = 10678 calorie (mean)/min = 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) = 7.457×10⁹ erg/sec = 1980000 foot pound-force/hr = 33000 foot pound-force/min = 550 foot pound-force/sec = 0.076 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9996 horsepower (electric) = 1.0139 horsepower (metric) = 745.7 joule/sec = 0.7457 kilowatt = 0.7456 kilowatt (Int) = 0.212 ton of refrigeration = 745.7 watt
• 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) = 140469.4 calorie (mean)/min = 140742.3 calorie (20^oC)/min 9.8095×10¹⁰ erg/sec = 434107 foot-pound-force/min = 13.1548 horsepower (mech) = 13.1495 horsepower (electric) = 13.3372 horsepower (metric) = 13.1487 horsepower (water) = 9809.5 joule/sec = 9.8095 kilowatt
• 1 horsepower (electric) = 2547.16 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2545.46 Btu (IST)/hr = 2543.49 Btu (mean)/hr = 178.298 calorie/sec (thermo) = 641.87 calorie, kg/hr (thermo) = 7.46×10⁹ erg/sec = 33013 foot pound-force/min = 550.2 foot pound-force/sec = 1.0004 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.01428 horsepower (metric) = 0.99994 horsepower (water) = 746 joule/sec = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watt
• 1 horsepower (metric) = 2511.3 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2509.6 Btu (IST)/hr = 2507.7 Btu (mean)/hr = 6.328×10⁵ calorie/hr (thermo) = 6.324×10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.319×10⁵ calorie (mean)/hr = 7.35×10⁹ ergs/sec = 32548.6 foot pound-force/min = 542.476 foot pound-force/sec = 0.9863 horsepower (mech) = 0.07498 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9859 horsepower (electric) = 0.98587 horsepower (water) = 75 kg-force meter/sec (kg m/s) = 0.7355 kilowatt = 735.499 W = 75 kg m/s
• 1 horsepower (water) = 33015 foot pound-force/min = 1.00046 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.00006 horsepower (electric) = 1.01434 horsepower (metric) = 0.746043 kilowatt
• 1 refrigeration Ton = 12,000 Btu/h cooling = 3.516 kW = 3,025.9 k Calories/h
• 1 cooling tower Ton = 15,000 Btu/h = 3,782 k Calories/h
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.3558 W
• 1 Btu/s = 1055.1 W
• 1 Btu/h = 1 Btuh = 0.293 W = 0.001 MBH
• 1 cheval vapeur (French) = 0.98632 horsepower

Power per unit area

• 1 W/m² = 0.3170 Btu/(h ft²) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m²)

Pressure
atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/centimeter², inch of mercury, inch of water, kgf/centimeter², kgf/meter², lbf/foot², lbf/inch² (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr, newton/meter²

• Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m² = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H₂O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 N/m² = 1 Pa = 1.4504×10^-4 lb/in² = 1×10^-5 bar = 4.03×10^-3 in water = 0.336×10^-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295×10^-3 in mercury = 7.55×10^-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m² = 0.993×10^-5 atm
• 1 Pa = 10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m² = 1.02×10^-4 m H₂O = 9.869×10^-6 atm = 1.45×10^-4 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 N/mm² = 10⁶ Pa = 10 bar = 1.020×10⁵ kp/m² = 102.0 m H₂O = 9.869 atm = 145.0 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 mmHg = 1 torr = 0.01934 lb/in²
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa (N/m²) = 1.013×10² kN/m² = 1.033×10⁴ kp/m² = 1.033 kp/cm² = 1.013 bar = 14.696 psi (lb/in²) = 407.1 in H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 33.9 ft H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 10.33 m H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 29.92 in mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 mm mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 torr
• 1 bar = 1×10⁵ Pa (N/m²) = 0.1 N/mm² = 10,197 kp/m² = 10.20 m H₂O = 0.98692 atm = 14.5038 psi (lb_f/in²) = 1×10⁶ dyne/sq cm = 750 mmHg = 1×10⁶ barye (French) = 75.0062 cm Hg (0^oC) = 33.4883 ft H₂O (60^oF) = 1019.72 gram-force/sq cm = 29.530 in Hg (32^oF) = 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm = 1000 millibar = 2088.54 pound-force/sq foot
• 1 kp/m² = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 9.807×10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-3 m H₂O = 1 mm H₂O = 0.9681×10^-4 atm = 1.422×10^-3 psi (lb/in²) = 0.0394 in H₂O = 0.0736 mm mercury
• 1 psi (lb/in²) = 144 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m²) = 6.895×10^-3 N/mm² = 6.895×10^-2 bar = 27.71 in H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.1 mm H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.6 kg/m² = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H₂O = 16 ounces
• 1 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 47.88 N/m² (Pa) = 0.006944 lb_f/in² (psi)
• 1 dyn/cm² = 145.04×10^-7 lb_f/in²
• 1 in mercury (Hg) = 3,376.8 N/m²= 0.49 lb/in² = 12.8 in water
• 1 Ounce = 1.73 In.W.C.
• 1 Ft.H₂O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 in water = 248.8 N/m²= 0.0361 lb/in² = 25.4 kg/m² = 0.0739 in mercury
• 1 m H₂O = 9806.7 Pa = 9.807×10^-3 N/mm² = 0.0987 bar = 1,000 kp/m² = 0.09678 atm = 1.422 psi (lb_f/in²)
• 1 mm water = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 1 kg/m² = 0.0736 mm mercury = 0.9677×10^-4 atm
• 1 mm mercury = 0.0193 lb/in² = 133 N/m² = 12.8 mm water
• 1 barye (French) = 1.0 dyne/sq cm = 0.10 newton/sq meter = 0.10 Pascal

Note! When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm Water, in Water, mm Hg …) – be aware that densities of liquids varies with temperature. For more exact conversions consult temperature density sources for the actual liquids.
Radioactivity

• 1 becquerel = 2.7027×10^-11 curie = 1 disintegration/sec

Resistance, Electrical

• 1 abohm = 1×10^-15 megohm = 0.001 microohm = 1×10^-9 ohm

Rotation
revolutions,

• 1 r/min (rpm) = 0.01667 r/s = 0.105 rad/s
• 1 r/s = 60 r/min = 6.28 rad/s
• 1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)

Specific energy, enthalpy, entropy

• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2,326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg = 778.2 ft lb_f / lb_m = 3.9 10^-4 hp hr / lb_m = 5.4 lb_f/in² / lb_m/ft³ = 0.237 kp m / g = 5.56 10^-4 kcal/g = 2.326 kJ/kg
• 1 J/kg = 4.299×10^-4 Btu/lb_m = 2.388×10^-4 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lb_m = 4,187 J/kg

Specific heat capacity

• 1 J/(kg K) = 2.389×10^-4 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 2.389×10^-4 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 kJ/(kg K) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 0.2389 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 kcal/(kg ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)

Specific Volume

• 1 m³/kg = 16.02 ft³/lb_m = 27680 in³/lb_m = 119.8 US gal/lb_m = 1000 liter/kg
• 1 liter/kg = 0.016 ft³/lb_m = 27.7 in³/lb_m = 0.12 US gal/lb_m = 0.001 m³/kg
• 1 ft³/lb_m = 1728 in³/lb_m = 7.48 US gal/lb_m = 62.43 liter/kg = 0.062 m³/kg
• 1 in³/lb_m = 0.00058 ft³/lb_m = 0.0043 US gal/lb_m = 0.036 liter/kg = 0.000036 m³/kg
• 1 US gal/lb_m = 0.134 ft³/lb_m = 231 in³/lb_m = 8.35 liter/kg = 0.0083 m³/kg

Temperature
celsius, rankine, kelvin, centigrade, fahrenheit,

• 1 ^oC = 1.8 ^oF
• 1 ^oF = 0.555 ^oC
• 0 ^oC corresponds to 32 ^oF, 273.16 K and 491.69 R
• 1 ^oR = 5/9 K
• T(^oF) = [T(^oC)](9/5) + 32
• T(^oF) = [T(K) - 273.15](9/5) + 32
• T(^oC) = 5/9[T(^oF) - 32]

Thermal Conductivity

• 1 W/(m K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(ft h ^oF) = 1.731 W/(m K) = 1.488 kcal/(h m ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 1.163 W/(m K) = 0.6720 Btu/(ft h ^oF)

Thermal Diffusivity

• 1 ft² /s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft² /h = 2.581×10^-5 m²/s

Thermal resistance

• 1 (h ^oF)/Btu = 1.8958 K/W

Time
year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond

• 1 h = 3600 s = 60 min
• 1 ms (millisecond) = 10^-3 s
• 1 μs (microsecond) = 10^-6 s
• 1 ns (nanosecond) = 10^-9 s
• 1 day (mean solar) = 1.0027379 day (sidereal) = 24 hour (mean solar) = 24.06571 hour (sidereal) = 0.0027397 year (calendar) = 0.002738 year (sidereal) = 0.002738 year (tropical)

Torque, Moment
foot-pound torque, newton-meter

• 1 ft lb = 1.356 Nm

Velocity, Speed
foot/second, inch/second, meter/second, kilometer/hour, knot, mile/hour,nautical mile per hour

• 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
• 1 ft/min = 5.08×10^-3 m/s = 0.0183 km/h = 0.0114 mph
• 1 mph = 0.44703 m/s = 1.609 km/h = 88 ft/min = 5280 ft/hr = 1.467 Ft./sec. = 0.8684 knots
• 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
• 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 54.68 ft/min = 0.6214 mph = 0.5396 knot
• 1 knot (nautical mile per hour) = 0.514444444 m/s = 1.852 kilometers per hour = 1.1515 miles per hour= 1 nautical miles per hour
• 1 League = 3.0 Miles
• 1 cm/sec = 1.9685 foot/min = 0.0328 foot/sec = 0.036 km/hr = 0.0194 knots (Int) = 0.6 meter/min = 0.02237 mile/hr = 0.000373 mile/min

Viscosity Dynamic

• 1 lb/(ft s) = 1.4879 Pa s = 14.88 P = 1,488 cP = 0.1517 kp s/m²
• 1 cP (Centipoise) = 10^-3 Pa s = 0.01 Poise = 1.020×10^-4 kp s/m² = 6.721×10^-4 lb/(ft s) = 0.00100 (N s)/m² = 0.01 gram/(cm sec) = 2.4191 lb/(ft hr)
• 1 kg/(m s ) = 1 (N s)/m² = 0.6720 lb_m/(ft s) = 10 Poise
• 1 P (Poise) = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 1.020×10^-2 kp s/m² = 6.721×10^-2 lb/(ft s) = 0.1 kg/ms
• 1 Pa s (N s/m²) = 10 P (Poise) = 10³ cP = 0.1020 kp s/m² = 0.6721 lb/(ft s)
• 1 kp s/m² = 9.80665 Pa s = 98.07 P = 9,807 cP = 6.591 lb/(ft s)
• 1 reyns = 1 1b_f s/in² = 6894.76 Pa s
• Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity – An introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP), Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Viscosity Kinematic

• 1 ft²/s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft²/ h = 2.581×10^-5m²/s
• 1 St (Stokes) = 1×10^-4 m²/s = 100 cSt = 1.076×10^-3 ft²/s
• 1 m²/s = 10⁴ St = 10⁶ cSt = 10.764 ft²/s= 38750 ft²/h
• 1 cSt (Centistoke) = 10^-6 m²/s = 0.01 Stokes = 1.076×10^-5 ft²/s = 1 square mm/sec

Volume
barrel, gallon, cubic centimeter (cm³), cubic feet (foot³), cubic inch (inch³), cubic meter (meter³), cubic yard (yard³), quarts, liters, acre foot, board foot, bushel, cord, cup, dram, fluid ounce, peck, pint, quart, tablespoon, teaspoon,

• 1 ft³ = 0.02832 m³= 28.32 dm³ = 0.03704 yd³ = 6.229 Imp. gal (UK) = 7.481 gal (US) = 1,728 cu inch = 2.296×10^-5 acre foot = 12 board foot (timber) = 0.7786 bushel (UK) = 0.8036 bushel (US, dry) = 0.00781 cord (firewood) = 0.0625 cord foot (timber) = 28316.8 cu centimeter = 6.42851 gallon (US, dry) = 7.48052 gallon (US, liq) = 28.3168 liter = 996.614 ounce (UK, liq) = 957.506 ounce (US, liq) = 51.4281 pint (US, dry) = 59.84442 pint (US, liq) = 25.714 quart (US, dry) = 29.922 quart (US, liq)
• 1 in³ = 1.6387×10^-5 m³ = 1.639×10^-2 dm³ (liter) = 16.39 cm³ = 16390 mm³ = 0.000579 ft³
• 1 Gallon (U.S.) = 3.785×10^-3 m³ = 3.785 dm³ (liter) = 231 in³ = 0.13368 ft³ = 4.951×10^-3 yd³ = 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK) = 4 Quarts = 8 Pints
• 1 Imp. gallon (UK) = 4.546×10^-3 m³ = 4.546 dm³ = 0.1605 ft³ = 5.946×10^-3 yd³ = 1.201 gal (US)
• 1 dm³ (Liter) = 10^-3 m³ = 0.03532 ft³ = 1.308×10^-3 yd³ = 0.220 Imp gal (UK) = 0.2642 Gallons (US) = 1.057 Quarts = 2.113 Pints
• 1 yd³ = 0.7646 m³ = 764.6 dm³ = 27 ft³ = 168.2 Imp. gal (UK) = 202.0 gal (US) = 46,656 Cu.In. = 1616 Pints = 807.9 Quarts = 764.6 Liters
• 1 pint (pt) = 0.568 dm³ (liter) = 16 fl. oz. (fluid ounce) = 28.88 in³
• 1 km³ = 10⁹ m³ = 10¹² dm³ (liter) = 10¹⁵ cm³ = 10¹⁸ mm³
• 1 cm³ = 0.061 in³ = 0.00042 board foot = 2.7496×10^-5 bushel (UK) = 2.8378×10^-5 bushel (US, dry) = 3.5315×10^-5 cu foot = 0.06102 cu inch = 1×10^-6 cu meter = 1.308×10^-6 cu yard = 0.28156 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.27051 dram (US, liq) = 0.000227 gallon (UK) = 0.00027 gallon (US, dry) = 0.000264 gallon (US, liq) = 0.0074 gill (UK) = 0.00845 gill (US) = 0.001 liter = 0.035195 ounce (UK, liq) = 0.033814 ounce (US, liq) = 0.00182 pint (US, dry) = 0.00211 pint (US, liq) = 0.00088 quart (UK) = 0.00091 quart (US, dry) = 0.00106 quart (US, liq)
• 1 m³ = 10³ dm³ (liter) = 35.31 ft³ = 1.3093 yd³ = 220.0 Imp. gal (UK) = 264.2 gal (US) = 61,023 Cu.In. = 35.31 Cu.Ft = 0.1 decistere
• 1 Hogshead = 63 gallon = 8.42184 Cu.Ft
• 1 barrel (UK) = 1.5 bag (UK) = 1.41541 barrel (US, dry) = 1.37251 barrel (US, liq) = 4.5 bushel (UK) = 4.64426 bushel (US, dry) = 5.77957 cu ft = 0.16366 cu meter = 36 gallon (UK) = 163.6592 liter
• 1 barrel beer = 31.5 gallons beer
• 1 barrel (US, oil) = 1.33 barrel (US, liq) = 5.61458 cu foot = 42 gallons (US, liq) = 158.9873 liter
• 1 barrel (US, dry) = 0.969696 barrel (US, liq) = 3.28122 bushel (US, dry) = 4.0833 cu ft = 7056 cu inch = 0.11563 cu meter = 104.999 quart (US, dry)
• 1 barrel (US, liq) = 1.03125 barrel (US, dry) = 0.75 barrel (US, oil) = 4.2109 cu foot = 7276.5 cu inch = 0.11924 cu meter = 26.22924 gallon (UK) = 31.5 gallon (US, liq) = 119.24 liter =
• 1 bushel = 1.2445 Cu.Ft. = 32 Quarts (Dry) = 64 Pints (dry) = 4 Pecks
• 1 bushel (UK) = 0.3333 bag (UK) = 1.03206 bushel (US) = 36368.7 cu cm = 1.28435 cu foot = 2219 cu inch = 8 gallon (UK) = 36.3687 liter
• 1 bushel (US, dry) = 0.30476 barrel (US, dry) = 0.96894 bushel (UK) = 35239.07 cu cm = 1.24446 cu foot = 2150.42 cu inch = 0.03524 cu meter 0.04609 cu yard = 8 gallon (US, dry) = 9.30918 gallon (US, liq) = 35.23907 liter = 1191.57 ounce (US, liq) = 4 peck (US) = 64 pint (US, dry) = 32 quart (US, dry) = 37.23671 quart (US, liq)
• 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 57.75 in³ = 1/8 dry quarts
• 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 2 tablespoons = 1.805 in³ = 29.574 milliliters
• 1 cord (firewood) = 128 cu foot = 8 cord foot (timber) = 3.6246 cu meter
• 1 cord foot (timber) = 0.125 cord (firewood) = 16 cu foot
• 1 peck = 8 dry quarts
• 1 cup = 8 fl.oz. (fluid ounce)
• 1 cup (metric) = 200 milliliter
• 1 cup, tea = 0.25 pint = 142.06 milliliter
• 1 board foot = piece of lumber 1 foot wide x 1 foot long x 1 inch thick = 2359.74 cu cm = 0.083333 cu foot = 144 cu inch
• 1 acre foot = 43560 cu foot = 1233.482 cu meter = 1613.33 cu yard = 3.259×10⁵ gallon (US liquid)
• 1 acre inch = 3630 cu foot = 102.7901531 cu meter = 134.44 cu yard = 27154.286 gallon (US)
• 1 bucket (UK) = 18184.35 cu cm = 4 gallon (UK)
• 1 butt (UK. liq) = 16.2549 bushel (US) = 20.2285 cu foot = 0.57281 cu meter = 151.3197 gallon (US)
• 1 chaldron (UK, liq) = 36 bushel (UK)
• 1 dram (US, liq) = 3.6967 cu cm = 0.225586 cu inch = 1.04084 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.03125 gill (US) = 3.69669 millimeter = 60 minim (US) = 0.125 ounce (US, liq) = 0.0078125 pint (US, liq)
• 1 fifth (US, liq) = 17.067 jigger (US, liq) = 0.75708 liter = 25.6 ounce (US, liq) = 1.6 pint (US, liq) = 25.6 pony (US, liq) = 0.8 quartt (US, liq) = 25.6 shot (US, liq)
• 1 firkin (UK) = 1.125 bushel (UK) = 40914.8 cu cm = 1.44489 cu foot = 1.20095 firkin (US) = 9 gallon (UK) = 40.91481 liter = 72 pint (UK)
• 1 hectoliter = 2.7496 bushel (UK) = 2.8378 bushel (US, dry) = 1×10⁵ cu cm = 3.5315 cu foot = 26.417 gallon (US, liq) = 100 liter = 3381.4 ounce (US, liq) = 11.351 peck (US)

Volume Flow

• 1 dm³/s (kg/s water) = 13.20 Imp. gal (UK)/min
• 1 m³/s = 3,600 m3/h = 1,000 dm³(liter)/s = 35.32 ft³/s = 2,118.9 ft³/min = 13,200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15,852 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 2.7778×10^-4 m³/s = 0.2778 dm³(litre)/s = 9.810×10^-3 ft³/s = 0.5886 ft³/min (cfm) = 3.667 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 4.403 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 10³ dm³(litre)/h = 16.67 dm³(litre)/min = 0.27878 dm³(litre)/s
• 1 ft³/min = 1.7 m³/h = 0.47 l/s = 62.43 Lbs.H₂O/Min.
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 10^-3 m³/s = 3.6 m³/h = 0.03532 ft³/s = 2.1189 ft³/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 60 litre/min = 3,600 litre/h
• 1 ft³/s = 0.0283168 m³/s = 101.9 m3/h = 28.32 dm³(litre)/s = 60 ft³/min = 373.7 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 448.9 gal (US)/min
• 1 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 7.57682×10^-5 m³/s = 0.273 m3/h = 0.0758 dm³(litre)/s = 2.675×10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1605 ft³/min = 1,201 gal (US)/min
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888×10^-5 m³/s = 0.227 m³/h = 0.06309 dm³(litre)/s = 2.228×10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1337 ft³/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min